How to pronounce –ed?
The past simple tense and past participle of all regular verbs end in -ed.
For example: work, worked, worked
Many adjectives are made from the past participle and so end in -ed.
For example: I like painted furniture.
The question is, how do we pronounce the -ed? The answer is, in 3 ways:
- /ɪd/
- /t/
- /d/
| If the base verb ends in |
example base verb* |
example with -ed |
pronounce the -ed as | |||
| /t/ | want | wanted | /ɪd/ | |||
| /d/ | end | ended | ||||
| unvoiced |
/p/ |
hope |
hoped |
/t/ | ||
| /f/ | laugh | laughed | ||||
| /s/ | fax | faxed | ||||
| /ʃ/ | wash | washed | ||||
| /ʧ/ | watch | watched | ||||
| /k/ | like | liked | ||||
| voiced | all other sounds |
play |
played |
/d/ | ||
| allow | allowed | |||||
| beg | begged | |||||
*Note that it is the sound that is important, not the letter or spelling. For example, fax ends in the letter x but the sound /s/; like ends in the letter e but the sound /k/.
Exceptions
The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /ɪd/:
- dogged
- ragged
- wicked
- crooked
- naked
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